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Theories of Surplus Value (German: Theorien über den Mehrwert) is a draft manuscript written by Karl Marx between January 1862 and July 1863. It is mainly concerned with the West European theorizing about Mehrwert (added value or surplus value) from about 1750, critically examining the ideas of British, French and German political economists about wealth creation and the profitability of industries

But not so the rate of surplus-value, the real degree of exploitation of labour.

In 1908 the rate of surplus value in Russian factory industry was greater than 100 percent (Lenin, Poln. 5th e. vol. 22, pp. 24–25).

So far, history has not produced any additional forms of productive surplus value. History constantly teaches us, quite eloquently, the flexibility of that limit. As soon as competition of labor power is introduced, and if the organization of the working class is weak, the relation of forces becomes quite unfavorable for the working class.

Surplus-value is the difference between the amount raised through a sale of a product and the amount it cost to the owner of that product to manufacture it: . the amount raised through sale of the product minus the cost of the materials, plant and labour power. Conventionally, value-added is equal to the sum of gross wage income and gross profit income. Both in published and unpublished manuscripts, Marx examines variables affecting the rate and mass of surplus-value in detail.

Adhering to David Ricardo’s labour theory of value, Karl Marx held that human labour was the source of economic value. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. More About Surplus value. 5 references found in Britannica articles. In wage and salary: Marxian surplus-value theory. In classical economics.

Consumer surplus refers to the value that consumers derive from purchasing a good. EXAMPLE: The following chart shows the perfectly competitive market for oranges